This is the key of Selenium Webdriver Commands. These are the most commands which will help you in writing your scripts.
 |
| Selenium Webdriver Commands |
What is HTMLUnitDriver?
HTMLUnitDriver is fastest (50% faster than Firefox), lightweight, platform independent. However, we don't use it. We always prefer to use Firefox, Chrome, IE but not HTMLUnitDriver.
Do you know why??
Here is the answer:
HTML Unit Browser is a head less browser (you can say browser without User Interface) i.e it doesn't open any window, as it runs on the background and interacts with HTML. So, you have to see results in console. Moreover, you won't be able to take screenshots.
Even you couldn't ask others to search entire console box to find out errors.
How to Login and Logout in Gmail
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class Openbrowser
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException
{
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;
import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class Openbrowser
{
public static void main(String args[]) throws InterruptedException
{
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(30,TimeUnit.SECONDS);
driver.get("http://gmail.com/");
driver.findElement(By.id("Email")).sendKeys("");
driver.findElement(By.id("Passwd")).sendKeys("");
driver.findElement(By.id("signIn")).click();
Thread.sleep(4000);
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*@id='gb']/div[1]/div[1]/div[2]/div[5]/div[1]/a/span")).click();
driver.findElement(By.id("gb_71")).click();
}
}
How to setup Classpath for Java in Windows 7?
We all know the importance of CLASSPATH for Java. Setting PATH/CLASSPATH is very easy if we have the correct steps. I've listed down the steps which will help you to set CLASSPATH/PATH for Java:
Step 1: Download Java or JDK from the following URL according to your computer configuration:
Step 2: Install it by click on setup.exe and following the steps.
Step 3: By default JDK installs at "C:\Program Files\Java\jdkxxx.xx" location only. Unless we change the location at the time of installation.
Step 4: Go to JDK installed location, open bin folder available at the location. Now, copy the path.
Step 5: Right-click on My Computer icon available at your desktop and select Properties.
Step 6: Now, click on Advanced System Settings and click on Advanced tab from the dialog box opened
Step 7: Click on Environment Variables and then System Variables.
Step 8: Edit path and add the copied bin (which we did in Step 4) in that. Below are some images to help you:
Step 9: Click on OK of Environment Variables window and System Properties window.
Step 10: To verify whether Classpath or path of java is set up correctly or not.
Open Command Prompt and enter java -version. You'll find a statement like mentioned below:
java version "1.7.0_45"
Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_45-b18)
Basic Selenium Commands
Below are some basic commands of selenium which you can try and use while writing your script for automation of any website. If you face any problem, you can raise your query by completing the form available :
- driver.get("http://www.google.com"); To open an application
- driver.findElement(By.id("passwd-id")); Finding Element using Id
- driver.findElement(By.name("passwd")); Finding Element using Name
- driver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@id=’passwd-id’]")); Finding Element using Xpath
- element.sendKeys("some text"); To type some data
- element.clear(); clear thecontents of a text field or textarea
- driver.findElement(By.xpath("//select")); Selecting the value
- select.findElements(By.tagName("option")); Selecting the value
- select.deselectAll(); This will deselect all OPTIONs from the first SELECT on the page
- select.selectByVisibleText("Edam"); select the OPTION withthe displayed text of “Edam”
- findElement(By.id("submit")).click(); To click on Any button/Link
- driver.switchTo().window("windowName"); Moving from one window to another window
- driver.switchTo().frame("frameName"); swing from frame to frame (or into iframes)
- driver.switchTo().frame("frameName.0.child"); to access subframes by separating the path with a dot, and you can specify the frame by itsindex too.
- driver.switchTo().alert(); Handling Alerts
- driver.navigate().to("http://www.example.com"); To Navigate Paeticular URL
- driver.navigate().forward(); To Navigate Forward
- driver.navigate().back(); To Navigate Backword
- driver.close(); Closes the current window
- driver.quit(); Quits the driver and closes every associated window.
- driver.switch_to_alert(); Switches focus to an alert on the page.
- driver.refresh(); Refreshes the current page.
- webdriver.manage().window().setPosition(new Point(-2000, 0); to minimize browser window
Access Modifiers in Java
We always use Public, Private, Protected in our Selenium scripts. Before using these, we should know how and where to use these access modifiers. Here is the table showing where we can call these modifiers:
Access Modifier
|
within class
|
within package
|
outside package by
subclass only |
outside
package |
Private
|
Y
|
N
|
N
|
N
|
Default
|
Y
|
Y
|
N
|
N
|
Protected
|
Y
|
Y
|
Y
|
N
|
Public
|
Y
|
Y
|
Y
|
Y
|
Interview Questions and Answers on Automation Testing
Click on the questions below to get the answers
1) What is Automation ?
2) What is meant by Automation in software testing ?
3) Why do we need automation in software testing ?
4) Which type of testing can be Automated ?
5) When to do automation testing ?
6) What are the advantages and disadvantages of Automation Testing ?
7) Name some test automation tools?
8) What kind of tests should NOT be automated?
Generate Random Data
In your scripts, you always want to generate random data to automate SignUp forms, below is code to generate random password. If you need script to generate data to complete forms like available here, do write an email to me:
--------------
//can put any array below depending on requirement
String array = "abcde1234567890~!@#$%^&*()_+";
//calculates its length
int i = array.length();
//password with length 10
for (int j =0; j<=10; j++)
//randomly picking up 10 characters
{
int k = (int)(Math.random()*i);
char pass = array.charAt(k);
System.out.print(pass);
}
}
How to Set up a Project in Eclipse?
¨> Open eclipse (To download eclipse 64 bit or 32 bit, click here)
¨> Right click on Package Explorer > New > Java Project
¨> Give a Project name and click Next
¨> Go to Selenium downloads page and download Java Language bindings (Or Click Here to download Selenium latest jars)
¨> Extract it in your local drive
¨> Right Click in your project > Properties
¨> Java Build Path > Libraries
¨> Click “Add Library..” button and add JAR files (include files in “libs” folder)
¨> After import JAR files, you can see “Referenced Libraries” folder
How to get data from an Excel sheet?
If you're looking how to pick username and passwords or any data from an excel sheet then below steps will help you out:
1) Download J-Excel jar (What is J-Excel), you can get the path to download J-Excel jar by clicking here
2) Now, add this jar to your build path. You can look for the steps.
3) Create a new class and add below code:
public class Excel {
static Sheet s ;
public static void main(String[] args) throws BiffException, IOException {
FileInputStream fis = new FileInputStream("C:\\Users\\DELL\\Desktop\\r.xls");
Workbook w = Workbook.getWorkbook(fis);
s = w.getSheet(0);
for (int i=0; i<=s.getRows(); i++)
{
String username = s.getCell(0, i).getContents();
System.out.println(username);
String username1 = s.getCell(1, i).getContents();
System.out.println(username1);
}
}
Difference between Jexcel and Apache POI
JExcel | Apache POI |
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You can download Apache POI jar by clicking here
How to Zoom In and Zoom Out in Website
In case, you want to zoom in and out in any website using Selenium. You can follow below commands:
To Zoom In:
WebElement Sel= driver.findElement(By.tagName("html"));
sel.sendKeys(Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, Keys.ADD));
To Zoom Out to normal page, use below command:
html.sel(Keys.chord(Keys.CONTROL, "0"));
This can be useful when you need to pin point something while showing your automation framework to any user.
TestNG Error Codes
We write automation framework using TestNG and when we run it we get errorssometimes. So, it becomes important for us to know about error messages.
I have put some of the error messages that we get when we go wrong and execute TestNG XML file:
1.If two tests are having the same name then we see below error
at org.testng.TestNG.checkTestNames(TestNG.java:981)
at org.testng.TestNG.sanityCheck(TestNG.java:970)
at org.testng.TestNG.run(TestNG.java:1002)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:109)
2.If the testname doesnot enclosed in double quotes("") then we get below error
The value of attribute "name" associated with an element type "null" must not contain the '<' character.
at org.testng.TestNG.initializeSuitesAndJarFile(TestNG.java:335)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:88)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.initAndRun(RemoteTestNG.java:202)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.main(RemoteTestNG.java:173)
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: The value of attribute "name" associated with an element type "null" must not contain the '<' character.
atcom.sun.org.apache.xerces.internal.util.ErrorHandlerWrapper.createSAXParseException(Unknown Source)
3.If the class name doesnt end with "/" character then we will see below error
org.testng.TestNGException: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: The end-tag for element type "class" must end with a '>' delimiter.
at org.testng.TestNG.initializeSuitesAndJarFile(TestNG.java:335)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:88)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.initAndRun(RemoteTestNG.java:202)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.main(RemoteTestNG.java:173)
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: The end-tag for element type "class" must end with a '>' delimiter.
4. If there is no space between parameter name and value fields then we will see below error
Ex :
org.testng.TestNGException: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "parameter" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
at org.testng.TestNG.initializeSuitesAndJarFile(TestNG.java:335)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:88)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.initAndRun(RemoteTestNG.java:202)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.main(RemoteTestNG.java:173)
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "parameter" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
5.If the parameter attribute doesnt end with "/" character then we will see below error
org.testng.TestNGException: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "class" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
at org.testng.TestNG.initializeSuitesAndJarFile(TestNG.java:335)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:88)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.initAndRun(RemoteTestNG.java:202)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.main(RemoteTestNG.java:173)
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "class" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
6. If the two parameters have the same name and value attributes then we will see below error
org.testng.TestNGException: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "class" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
at org.testng.TestNG.initializeSuitesAndJarFile(TestNG.java:335)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:88)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.initAndRun(RemoteTestNG.java:202)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.main(RemoteTestNG.java:173)
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "class" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
7.Make sure there are no spaces between "/" and ">".If there are any spaces then we will see below error.
org.testng.TestNGException: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "class" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
at org.testng.TestNG.initializeSuitesAndJarFile(TestNG.java:335)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.run(RemoteTestNG.java:88)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.initAndRun(RemoteTestNG.java:202)
at org.testng.remote.RemoteTestNG.main(RemoteTestNG.java:173)
Caused by: org.xml.sax.SAXParseException: Element type "class" must be followed by either attribute specifications, ">" or "/>".
What is the difference between Xpath and DOM (Document Object Model)?
This is the question asked in most of the interviews of Selenium:
DOM:
The Document Object Model (DOM) is a cross-platform and language-independent convention for representing and interacting with objects in HTML, XHTML and XML documents. Objects in the DOM tree may be addressed and manipulated by using methods on the objects.Ex: var element=document.getElementById("intro");
XPATH:
XPath, the XML Path Language, is a query language for selecting nodes from an XML document. In addition, XPath may be used to compute values (e.g., strings, numbers, or Boolean values) from the content of an XML document.How to register in Facebook?
Below is the code to make an account on Facebook using Selenium Wedriver:
public class FacebookRegistration {
public static void main(String[]args)
{
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.facebook.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@value='First Name']")).sendKeys("raj");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@value='Last Name']")).sendKeys("raja");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@value='Your email address']")).sendKeys("raja@mail.com");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@value='Re-enter email address']")).sendKeys("raja@mail.com");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@value='New Password']")).sendKeys("A123a!");
new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@name='birthday_day']"))).selectByValue("1");
new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='month']"))).selectByValue("2");
new Select(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='year']"))).selectByValue("1987");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='u_0_g']/span[1]/label")).click();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='u_0_i']")).click();
}
}
How to handle Select in Selenium
Example of using Select in Selenium
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.mobikwik.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='mobile_number']")).sendKeys("9910979218");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='mobile_amount']")).sendKeys("10");
WebElement operator = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='mobile_operator']"));
Select option = new Select(operator);
option.selectByVisibleText("Idea");
Thread.sleep(5000);
driver.close();
}
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.mobikwik.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='mobile_number']")).sendKeys("9910979218");
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='mobile_amount']")).sendKeys("10");
WebElement operator = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='mobile_operator']"));
Select option = new Select(operator);
option.selectByVisibleText("Idea");
Thread.sleep(5000);
driver.close();
}
How to handle multiple windows in Selenium?
Example of handling Multiple Windows in Selenium:
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.abc.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
String Window1 = driver.getWindowHandle();
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Contact us Now")).click();
for (String Window2 : driver.getWindowHandles())
{
driver.switchTo().window(Window2);
}
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='bigin']")).sendKeys("abcde");
Thread.sleep(5000);
driver.close();
driver.switchTo().window(Window1);
driver.getTitle();
Thread.sleep(3000);
driver.close();
}
// TODO Auto-generated method stub
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.abc.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
String Window1 = driver.getWindowHandle();
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Contact us Now")).click();
for (String Window2 : driver.getWindowHandles())
{
driver.switchTo().window(Window2);
}
driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='bigin']")).sendKeys("abcde");
Thread.sleep(5000);
driver.close();
driver.switchTo().window(Window1);
driver.getTitle();
Thread.sleep(3000);
driver.close();
}
How to handle iFrames in Selenium?
A basic example of handling frames at www.espncricinfo.com
import java.util.concurrent.TimeUnit;
import org.openqa.selenium.By;
import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver;
import org.openqa.selenium.firefox.FirefoxDriver;
public class Abc
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://www.cricinfo.com/");
driver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3000, TimeUnit.MILLISECONDS);
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Countries")).click();
driver.switchTo().frame(driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='ciHomeContentrhs']/iframe")));
driver.findElement(By.linkText("Cricinfo")).click();
}
}
Mouse Hover in selenium
public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://www.timeanddate.com/");
driver.manage().window().maximize();
WebElement menu = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='nav']/ul/li[3]/a"));
Actions action = new Actions(driver);
action.moveToElement(menu).perform();
WebElement submenu = driver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id='nav']/ul/li[3]/ul/li[4]/a"));
action.moveToElement(submenu).click().perform();
Thread.sleep(5000);
driver.close();
}
Get all links of a Webpage using Selenium
How to test links of any website?
public static void main(String[] args) {
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.google.co.in/");
List links = driver.findElements(By.tagName("a"));
System.out.println(links.size()); // to check the number of links present at webpage
for (int i = 1; i {
System.out.println(links.get(i).getText());
}
}
WebDriver driver = new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("https://www.google.co.in/");
List
System.out.println(links.size()); // to check the number of links present at webpage
for (int i = 1; i
System.out.println(links.get(i).getText());
}
}
How to Clear Browser Cookies with Selenium Web Driver
This code below applies to Selenium .Net.
Clearing browser cookies before starting your test is important to test the application in real life scenarios. If you are using Selenium Web Driver for your web test automation, you can use this method below to clear all cookies.
Let's assume that your Selenium Web Driver name is _webDriver; You can create a void method below and then call the method before you navigate to the application URL.
- public void ClearBrowserCache()
- { _webDriver.Manage().Cookies.DeleteAllCookies(); //delete all cookies
- Thread.Sleep(5000); //wait 5 seconds to clear cookies. }
How to handle Cookies using Selenium Webdriver?
- Sometimes, we face issues because of cookies session created by Selenium scripts and we have to delete them using Selenium Webdriver. So, here is the code:
public class Cookies
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
WebDriver driver=new FirefoxDriver();
driver.get("http://in.quikr.com/");
Set
//To fetch out the number of cookies used by this site
System.out.println("Number of cookies in this site "+cookies.size());
//Using advanced For Loop
for(Cookie cookie:cookies)
{
System.out.println(cookie.getName()+" "+cookie.getValue());
//This will delete cookie By Name
driver.manage().deleteCookieNamed(cookie.getName());
}
//This will delete all cookies.
driver.manage().deleteAllCookies();
} }
SVN(Sub Version) -Test Script repository
SVN is a repository (Test Script repository). Usually SVN server is installed in lab server and to this server, Access will be given to Automation Test Engineer.
Steps to download SVN server-
Step1- open this link - http://www.visualsvn.com/server/download/
Step2- click on download now.
Step3- click on save.
Step4- Now click on the downloaded file and follow the install instruction (just click on next next).
Step5- After installation, SVN server will launch by default if not then launch it. Then right click on Repositories and click on Create New Repository.
Step6- Give the Repository name. (for ex- give Repository name as SpiceJet.) then click on next.
Step7- Select Single-project repository and then click on next.
Step8- Then click on Create
Step9- Click on finish.
Step10- Go to user --> Right click --> create user --> give username and password then click on OK.
Note- Now Go to eclipse. In order to integrate eclipse with SVN server. It is required to download another plugin called as Subclipse in eclipse.
Steps to download Subclipse
Step1- Open Eclipse -> go to Help -> click on Eclipse Marketplace
Step2- in Find textbox type Subclipse and click on Go.
Step3- Under Subclipse click on install.
Step4- Just click on next next and restart the eclipse after installation.
Step5- Now go to Window in eclipse -> show view -> click on Other
Step6- Expand SVN -> select SVN Repositories -> click on OK.
Step7- Under SVN Repositories in menu bar, click on Add SVN Repositoy.
Give the Url.
Note- To get the Url, goto SVN Server, select the created workspace -> right click -> Copy URL to Clipboard -> this will copy the Url -> now paste this Url to the above Url text box.
Step8- After pasting the Url , click on Finish.
Step9- That's all. You are done with the setup.
Step10- Create a project in eclipse. In order to upload all the files to SVN server, select the project -> right click -> go to Team -> click on Share Project
Step11- Select SVN and click on Next.
Step12- select 'Use existing repository locations' and select the repository to which you want to add your project and click on next.
Step13- Click on finish.
Step14- After wait for a while, it has added your project to SVN server. Go back to SVN server and refresh it, you will find your project name there.
Step15- Now just right click on any file/package of the Project -> go to Team -> click on Commit. -> Click on OK.
For ex- Here Owler is the Project and library is the file which has been added to SVN.
Step16- Finally added the project to SVN server. The item which has been added to SVN server, it will look like below.
Steps to download SVN server-
Step1- open this link - http://www.visualsvn.com/server/download/
Step2- click on download now.
Step3- click on save.
Step4- Now click on the downloaded file and follow the install instruction (just click on next next).
Step5- After installation, SVN server will launch by default if not then launch it. Then right click on Repositories and click on Create New Repository.
Step6- Give the Repository name. (for ex- give Repository name as SpiceJet.) then click on next.
Step7- Select Single-project repository and then click on next.
Step8- Then click on Create
Step9- Click on finish.
Step10- Go to user --> Right click --> create user --> give username and password then click on OK.
Note- Now Go to eclipse. In order to integrate eclipse with SVN server. It is required to download another plugin called as Subclipse in eclipse.
Steps to download Subclipse
Step1- Open Eclipse -> go to Help -> click on Eclipse Marketplace
Step2- in Find textbox type Subclipse and click on Go.
Step3- Under Subclipse click on install.
Step4- Just click on next next and restart the eclipse after installation.
Step5- Now go to Window in eclipse -> show view -> click on OtherStep6- Expand SVN -> select SVN Repositories -> click on OK.
Step7- Under SVN Repositories in menu bar, click on Add SVN Repositoy.
Give the Url.
Note- To get the Url, goto SVN Server, select the created workspace -> right click -> Copy URL to Clipboard -> this will copy the Url -> now paste this Url to the above Url text box.
Step8- After pasting the Url , click on Finish.
Step9- That's all. You are done with the setup.
Step10- Create a project in eclipse. In order to upload all the files to SVN server, select the project -> right click -> go to Team -> click on Share Project
Step11- Select SVN and click on Next.
Step12- select 'Use existing repository locations' and select the repository to which you want to add your project and click on next.
Step13- Click on finish.
Step14- After wait for a while, it has added your project to SVN server. Go back to SVN server and refresh it, you will find your project name there.
Step15- Now just right click on any file/package of the Project -> go to Team -> click on Commit. -> Click on OK.
For ex- Here Owler is the Project and library is the file which has been added to SVN.
Step16- Finally added the project to SVN server. The item which has been added to SVN server, it will look like below.
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